African-American Integration into Professional Sports

     What would the world of sports be without African-American Athletes? Where would the sports world be without, Jackie Robinson? Earl Lloyd? Nat Clifton? Chuck Cooper? Willie O’Ree? Marion Motley? Not very far I can tell you. These men were the pioneers of the sports that we watch today. They led the way for black athletes all across the country to incorporate the African-American race into sports.

Marion Motley

      The first major sport to be officially integrated was the NFL (National Football League). Prior to 1944 there were no blacks in the NFL. In 1946 a man named Marion Motley became the first African-American to play in an all white professional football team. Motley was born in Leesberg, Georgia. Motley attended high school at McKinley High in Canton, Ohio, where he was not given football pads or an football uniform. Instead of giving up he decided to play without pads he would compete in practices without wearing any football pads at all, and he would still run over the boys he was playing against. After attending the University of Nevada, Motley was signed by the Cleveland Browns in 1946. He had a long career in the NFL, and in 1968 he was inducted into the National Football League Hall of Fame, and was included in 1994 on the NFL’s 75^th Anniversary All-Time Team. A study was done in 1998, and has provided that 65% of all NFL players now are African-American.

     The second sport to be officially integrated was the MLB (Major League Baseball). Before 1946 there was not a single African-American in the “White MLB”. The first man to break this color barrier in baseball was Jackie Robinson, who was born on January 31, 1919 in Cairo, Georgia. Jackie Robinson was not only a baseball standout he also was the first UCLA athlete in their history to letter in four different sports (baseball, football, basketball, and track). Robinson was drafted into World War II, and was soon promoted too Second Lieutenant. He was then soon given an honorable discharge from the United States Army to play baseball. While Robinson was with the Dodgers in Brooklyn they won 6 pennants in 10 years. Jackie Robinson also had some awards for himself; he stole home plate 19 times, he was the NL MVP in 1949, he was an All-Star from 1949 to 1954, and was elected into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1962. It was not an easy opportunity for African-American athletes to brake the color barrier in sports but like Jackie Robinson says in this quote they are not fighting for something extraordinary they just want their basic rights, “I don’t think that I or any other Negro, as an American citizen, should have to ask for anything that is rightfully his. We are demanding that we just be given the things that are rightfully ours, and that we’re not looking for anything else.” In 1998 15% of all MLB players were African American, a huge leap from 1946.

Harold Hunter

     The first African-American to sign a training camp contract with a team in the NBA (National Basketball Association) was Harold Hunter, when he signed a contract with the Washington Capitals but was soon cut from the team and never played in an official NBA game. The first African-Americans to play in an NBA game were Earl Lloyd, Nat Clifton, and Chuck Cooper in 1951. Like Jackie Robinson these men faced many obstacles including racial slurs, threats, and even fans spitting on them. Earl Lloyd’s story was compared to Jackie Robinson’s and he soon responded with, “I don’t think my situation was anything like Jackie Robinson’s – a guy who played in a very hostile environment, where even some of his own teammates didn’t want him around. In basketball, folks were used to seeing integrated teams at the college level. There was a different mentality. But of course, the team did stay and eat in some places where I wasn’t welcome. I remember Fort Wayne, Indiana, we stayed at a hotel where they let me sleep, but they wouldn’t let me eat. They didn’t want anyone to see me. Heck, I figured if they let me sleep there, I was at least halfway home. You have to remember, I grew up in segregated Virginia, so I had seen this stuff before. Did it make me bitter? No. If you let yourself become better, it will eat at you inside. If adversity doesn’t kill you, it makes you a better person.” Now more than 77% of professional basketball players are African-American.

Willie O'Ree In His Prime

   
     The last major sport to be integrated with African-Americans was the NHL (National Hockey League). Even today the NHL has the least amount of African-American athletes of all major sports. But in 1950 a native of Canada named Willie O’Ree (Known as “The Jackie Robinson of Hockey”), made his first appearance in the NHL with the Boston Bruins in 1958. O’Ree only played one season in the NHL before playing in multiple Canadian minor leagues. One other interesting thing about O’Ree was that he competed all 21 years of his career in the NHL and Canadian minor leagues with 95% vision loss in his right eye. After O’Ree left the NHL there was not another African-American player in the NHL until 1974. Willie O’Ree was the recipient of many awards and honors including:

-New Brunswick Sports Hall Of Fame Inductee (1984)

-Breitbard Hall of Fame in San Diego Hall of Champions (2008)

- Lester Patrick Award for Outstanding Service to Hockey in the US (2003)

- Inaugural Recipient of Bill Walsh Champion of Change Award (2007)

- Order of New Brunswick (2005)

- Fredericton, New Brunswick City Council named new hockey arena after O’Ree (January 2008)

     These African-American athletes helped lead the way for many of these athletes but not limited too; Magic Johnson, Tiger Woods, Hank Aaron, Michael Jordon, Kareem Abdul-Jabar, Reggie Jackson, Shaquille O’Neal, Barry Bonds, Kobe Bryant, Lebron James, Muhammad Ali, Jim Brown, Jesse Owens, Jerry Rice, Willie Mays, Mike Tyson, Serena and Venus Williams, Wilma Rudolph, Bo Jackson, Carl Lewis, Wilt Chamberlain, Condredge Holloway, and Cam Newton. These athletes have had a major impact on the world of sports.

Here is a list of a couple of African-American athletes to win:

-The Kentucky Derby – Oliver Lewis (1875)

-World Cycling Championship – Marshall Taylor (1899)

-Summer Olympics Gold Medal – John Taylor (1908)

- World Heavyweight Boxing Championship – Jack Johnson (1908)

- First Starting QB in the NFL – Willie Thrower (1953)

- Wimbledon Tennis Champion – Althea Gibson (1957)

- Professional Bowling Association Championship – George Branham III (1985)

- Major Golf Champion – Tiger Woods (1997)

- Chess Grandmaster – Maurice Ashley (1999)

- Winter Olympics Gold Medalist – Shani Davis (2006)


Bibliography:
Rutgers
Baseball Hall of Fame
Ferris State University
NHL Community
Trinity College
Smith.edu
Black Past

Sources

AVL: "The Negro In Chicago"
History.com: "The Chicago Race Riot of 1919"
Yale.edu; The Gilder Lehrman Center For The Study Of Slavery, Resistance, & Abolition
Chicago Gangs UIC.edu
Northwestern.edu; University of Law "Homicide in Chicago 1870-1930"
University of Michigan; "Student Project"

The Chicago Race Riots of 1919

     On July 27, 1919 a boy by the name of Eugene Williams went to Lake Michigan to enjoy a day at the beach. What he did not know was that the beach was unofficially segregated, which meant Eugene Williams was not supposed to be on the beach in the minds of most white people. When a group of white males walked by and saw Eugene in the segregated beach they took it upon themselves to do something about it. They threw rocks at Eugene while he was swimming in the lake and some of the rocks struck Eugene and sent him drowning down to the bottom of Lake Michigan. Many African American people were outraged by this incident, they called the police and fought back against the white extremists. When the police arrived on the scene they found a man that was reportedly seen by eye witnesses to have thrown the rock at Eugene Williams, this mans name was Ges Stauber. The police at first refused to arrest Stauber but finally they arrested him and took him to jail. 

Man is Stoned To Death

     According to Yale University some of the most probably causes could have been: Race Prejudice, Economic Competition, Political Corruption and Exploitation of Negro Voters, Police Inefficiency, Newspaper lies about Negro Crimes, Unpunished crimes against Negroes, Housing, and Reaction of whites and Negroes after coming home from war. But before 1915, the city of Chicago was well known for the well treatment of Negroes. But when the white men left for the war someone had to work in the railroad hub of the country. From 1916 to 1919 the black population in the city increased by over 148%. 

     All of this pent up aggression sparked riots and fights in the south side of Chicago. During these riots 15 white people died, 23 black people died, 500 people total were injured, and more than 1,000 black families were left homeless due to their houses being torched by angry white men. At one period of time there were 6,000 state militia roaming the streets fighting against the riots. At one riot there were 1,500 angry black men trying to fight against 100 armed policemen.

Windows Destroyed by Riots

Police Officers and Soldiers

     The president at the time Woodrow Wilson blamed the whites for instigating the riots. One suggestion to stop these riots presented was to create a Chicago Commission on Race Relations which would include, 6 white men and 6 black men, and would help solve issues on the topics of competition for jobs, inadequate housing, and inconsistent law enforcement. Some people even suggested zoning laws but everyone in Chicago knew that different zoning was not going to stop the tension that was created between these two groups of people.

     One man described these riots in a statement, "Five days of terrible hate and passion let loose, cost the people of Chicago 38 lives, wounded and maimed several hundred, destroyed property of untold value, filled thousands with fear, blemished the city and left in it's wake fear and apprehension for the future." The riots finally ended on August 3, 1919.

     Chicago was not the only city struck down by these race riots, in the Summer of 1919 there were riots of racial tension in Washington D.C.; Knoxville, Tennessee; Longview, Texas; Detroit, Michigan; and Phillips County, Arkansas. The KKK (Ku Klux Klan) had a resurgence during this time period where there were 64 lynchings and 83 lynchings in 1919. This may have had something to do with the causes of these race riots. 

Black Man Pulled Off Car in Detroit

The Great White Fleet Links

1. Great White Fleet
2. AVL Source
3. H.H. Stratton
4. Navy Official History
5. Theodore Roosevelt

Researching

     I am working on a new project in US History. I am learning about a man from Chattanooga, Tennessee who traveled with the White Fleet  and made postcards from pictures he took on the cruise. Right now I am trying to recreate the postcards that he created. Right now I am working on the research that I am going to use in these postcards. 

The Creation of the NCAA

The Creation of the NCAA     

     College football is the favorite national past time of many people in the United States, today it is still played with the same passion as it was in the late 19th century when the first colleges started playing the sport. The sport of football was appreciated by more of the elite upper class males in the United States. The morals of College football became corrupt many universities would hire tramp athletes called "ringers" to come and represent the certain university on the gridiron.  

     The sport became known for its gang tackling and mass formations and became known nationally as one of the nations most dangerous sports. Although some people did not believe that the game was not dangerous to the health of the athletes, like one man said in a newspaper article, "Football is anything but a hazard and we will gladly insure any number of football players who come up to the standard in other respects. It would be really ridiculous to consider Football a hazard. Just consider the fact that there are thousands and thousands of men playing football in the country today and yet football accidents are very few." But most of the nation sided with the fact that the game was dangerous to the health of the players. Some of the injuries that were published in newspapers at the time, were reports of displaced shoulder blades, sore arms, week ankles, dislocated shoulders, twisted knees, fractured skulls, broken collar bones, broken legs, broken ribs, losing conscience, and even death. An astonishing fact 48 deaths occurred in a 4 month period of time during the college football season. One report of death was, "William Moore right halfback of the Union College Football Team died from injuries playing New York University, 19 Years Old." These types of injuries set off an alarm inside the heads of the population of the United States. 

     In 1896 a man by the name of Amos Alonzo Stagg, athletic director and coach at the time at the University of Chicago led in forming the nations first conference the Western Conference or better know today as the Big Ten. This creation led to some minor rule changes but still left many very hungry to reform the game of football. 

     The wave of shock and alarm sent the whole nation in panic. A man had to step up and change the rules of the game to settle the commotion down. Theodore Roosevelt summoned many leaders of the college football world to the white house to encourage rule changes and reforms of the game of football. In early December of 1905, the chancellor of New York University Henry M. MacCracken met with 13 other colleges and universities to talk about possible rule changes in the game of football. Later on in December, 62 different Universities and colleges met in New York City and decided to become members of the Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States (IAAUS). This committee created the 10 yard rule where you have to gain 10 yards in three plays to gain a first down and many other rules that reformed the game of college football to the way we know it today. The IAAUS changed its name to the NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association) in 1910 to the name it still holds today. 

Theodore Roosevelt

NCAA Headquarters located in Indianapolis, IN

Henry MacCracken of New York University

Sources:

The NCAA Official Website

The St. Louis Republic November 11, 1900

The San Francisco Call November 3, 1900

Los Angeles Herald November 26, 1905

The Times and Democrat November 9, 1909

Peninsula Enterprise November 23, 1895

Faces Of America

     In the TV series Faces Of America, I learned about how important it is to learn about your ancestors and heritage of your family. I learned that even if you dont think that you have a lot of history in your family that if you looked into it more that you can find a lot about where your ancestors came from. I learned that many families from around the world came to America for a new oppertunity.
     Being a Nation of immigrants means that you have a huge melting pot of diversity and backgrounds.